The metabolic syndrome – a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/edn.58Keywords:
Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular diseaseAbstract
AbstractThe metabolic, or insulin resistance, syndrome is a cluster of risk factors (hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypo-HDLcholesterolaemia, high blood pressure, abdominal adiposity) that are all associated with insulin resistance.
The syndrome has been proposed as the ‘common soil’ for both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. There have been a number of proposed definitions for the syndrome: the most documented comes from the National Cholesterol Education Program – Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III).
While the syndrome is predictive of both conditions, the classical risk factors provide better predictive tools. Nevertheless, the metabolic syndrome remains a useful concept to be used as an additional criterion for screening subjects at long-term risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Downloads
References
Kylin E. Studien iiber das Hypertonie-Hyperglykarnie-Hyperurika miesyndrom. Zentralbl Inn Med 1923; 44: 105–127.
Avogaro P, Crepaldi G, Enzi G, et al. Associazione di iperlipidemia, diabete mellito e obesita de medio grado. Acta Diabetol Lat 1967; 4: 36–41.
Modan M, Halkin H, Almog S, et al. Hyperinsulinaemia. A link between hypertension, obesity and glucose intolerance. J Clin Invest 1985; 75: 809–817.
Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595–1607.
Reaven GM. The fourth muske-teer - from Alexandre Dumas to Claude Bernard. Diabetologia 1995; 38: 3–13.
Edwards KL, Austin MA, Newman B, et al. Multivariate analysis of the insulin resistance syndrome in women. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 1940–1945.
Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, et al. Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 1992; 41: 715–722.
Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, et aL. Hyperinsulin-aemia: the key feature of a cardio-vascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 416–422.
DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol1979; 237: E214–E223.
Bergman RN. Lilly lecture 1989. Toward physiological understand-ing of glucose tolerance. Minimal-model approach. Diabetes 1989; 38: 1512–1527.
World Health Organisation. Definition, diagnosis and classifica-tion of diabetes mellitus and its com-plications. Report of a WHO con-sultation, 1999.
Balkau B, Charles MA. Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Diabet Med 1999; 16: 442–443.
Expert panel on detection, evalua-tion, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evalua-tion, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497.
Balkau B, Vernay M, Mhamdi L, et al, D.E.S.I.R. Study Group. The incidence and persistence of the NCEP (National CholesterolEducation Program) metabolic syndrome. The French D.E.S.I.R. study. Diabetes Metab 2003; 29: 526–532.
Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J; IDE Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group. The metabolic syndrome -- a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005; 366: 1059–1062.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and manage-ment of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735–2752.
Adams RJ, Appleton S, Wilson DH, et al. Population comparison of two clinical approaches to the metabolic syndrome: implica-tions of the new International Diabetes Federation consensus definition. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2777–2779.
Ford ES. Prevalence of the meta-bolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2745–2749.
Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor cat-egories. Circulation 1998; 97: 1837–1847.
Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, et aL; SCORE project group. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 987–1003.
Ford ES. Risks for all-cause mor-tality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the meta-bolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 2005; 20: 1769–1778.
Stern MP, Williams K, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, et al. Does the metabolic syndrome improve identification of individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes and/or cardio-vascular disease? Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2676–2681.
Balkau B, Qiao Q Tuomilehto J, et al. Does the metabolic syndrome detect further subjects at high risk of cardiovascular death, or is a conventional cardiovascular risk score adequate? Diabetologia 2005; 48: A119.
Bertrais S, Balkau B, Vol S, et aL. Relationships between abdominal body fat distribution and cardio-vascular risk factors: an explana-tion for women's healthier cardio-vascular risk profile. The D.E.S.I.R. Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 1085–1094.
Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, et al. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2289–2304; Diabetologia 2005; 48: 1684–1699.
Balkau B, Sapinho D, Petrella A, et al; the D.E.S.I.R. Study Group. Prescreening tools for diabetes and obesity-associated dyslipi-daemia: comparing BMI, waist and waist-hip ratio. The D.E.S.I.R. study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60: 295–304.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2006 Copyright © 2006 FEND.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
